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Since the late 1970s, many studies on the prevalence of fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS), alcohol in connection with the birth defects (ARBD), and alcohol in relation to neurodevelopmental disorders (ARND). The three main types of research methods used in these studies are passive surveillance, clinical trials, and active case finding. This article describes each of these methods, including their strengths and weaknesses, and an overview of the prevalence of FAS of any of these approaches. The maternal risk factors associated with the FAS and other irregularities in connection with alcohol advanced maternal age, low socioeconomic status, frequent binge drinking, family and friends with drinking problems and poor social and psychological indicators. Overall, the literature on a FAS prevalence of 0.5 to 2 cases per 1000 births in the United States during the 1980s and 1990s. KEY WORDS: fetal alcohol syndrome prevalence and epidemiological indicators of alcohol-related neurological disorders, birth defects, statistical estimation procedures, the collection of data, clinical aspects, population dynamics, risk factors, research in practice, quality of research
Establishing the prevalence of 1 (1, see the sidebar on page 160 for the determination of the prevalence, as expressed in this article.) And other epidemiological characteristics of fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS), alcohol in connection with the birth defects ( ARBD), and alcohol - related to neurological disorders (ARND) 2 (2 FAS, a number of defects caused by birth mother's consumption of alcohol during pregnancy. It is associated with growth defects and a characteristic set of minor facial traits that tend to be stronger than the normal child matures. FAS is the leading cause of nonhereditary mental retardation. In addition to deficits in general intellectual functioning, individuals with FAS often demonstrate difficulties with learning, memory, attention, and problem solving as well as problems with the mental health and social interactions. ARND children lack the characteristic facial defects and growth deficiency of FAS but still alcohol-induced mental impairments. ARBD refers to alcohol physical abnormalities of the skeleton and certain organ systems, the prenatally exposed children without FAS facial features) has a difficult challenge since Jones and colleagues (Jones and Smith 1973, Jones et al. 1973) described the first cases of FAS. Researchers have constantly challenged by issues related to the case finding, sampling, diagnostic criteria, and the coordination of inter-disciplinary measures. Although the diagnostic features of FAS are usually good, the specific assessment techniques used to establish the final diagnosis are still matters of debate. In addition, the criteria for ARBD and ARND (formerly referred to as fetal alcohol effects [FAE]), remain more in question today (Stratton et al. 1996; Aase 1994, Aase et al. 1995; Astley and Clarren 2000) . Due to issues of valuation and the difficulties associated with access to case studies that have attempted to determine the prevalence of FAS, ARBD, ARND, and are limited in number, are very different in their methodology, and the typical reader puzzled by the true pattern and frequency of occurrence of these diseases.
This article summarizes the common methods to investigate the prevalence and other epidemiological characteristics of FAS in the United States and both similar and unique results that are in the literature from other countries. For each method, we present an overview of the studies and summarize the results of the research. We are the mistakes, strengths, weaknesses, and the main results of each approach, and discuss the different populations studied.